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Socially Responsible Marketing

Socially Responsible Marketing Free Online Research Papers Organizations and individuals face requirements on what should morally be possible to bring in cash or in their quest for objectives. Misrepresentation and double dealing are ethically off-base as well as stop up the effective working of the economy. There are additionally practices that, regardless of whether they are not carefully illicit, can't be attempted with a decent heart. There are various territories where an individual must think about their inner voice to choose if an activity is worthy. For instance, Some â€Å"paycheck advance† advance administrators charge high financing costs on little credits made fully expecting a consumer’s next check. Contingent upon state laws, viable financing costs (loan fees in addition to different charges included) may surpass 20% every month. Sometimes, borrowers set up their autos as security, with many losing their solitary wellspring of transportation through default. Albeit some consider this training unconscionable, same may state that such credits might be the main way that a family can get money to fill a prompt need. On account of expenses of organization are high, these costs, when spread over a limited quantity, will add up to a huge rate. Likewise, in light of the fact that the client bunches being referred to will in general have poor FICO scores with high foreseen paces of default, rates must be sufficiently high to cover this. Various people shift in their moral feelings. Some are eager to work for the tobacco business, for instance, while others are most certainly not. Some are eager to deceive potential clients while others will typically not do this. There are additionally more extensive cultural and far reaching esteems that may impact the individual business chief. A few religions, including Islam, disgrace the charging of intrigue. Albeit various gatherings vary fairly in their understandings of this issue, the Koran at any rate forbids usury-charging exorbitant loan costs. There is a few contradictions with respect to whether progressively unassuming, reasonable loan costs are worthy. In societies where the stricter translation applies, a firm might be reluctant to set up a premium based financing plan for clients who can't pay money. The firm may, rather, charge a more significant expense, with no extra charge for intrigue. A few firms additionally have their own moral stands. For instance, Google has the aphorism â€Å"Do no evil.† Other firms, then again, may effectively energize untruths, misleading, and other indefensible conduct. A few firms choose for sell in less created nations items that have been restricted as perilous in their own nations. Many consider the to be industry as the â€Å"enemy† and might not have any desire to do whatever can profit the business. Be that as it may, on a fundamental level, it might really be conceivable to make it productive for the tobacco business to â€Å"harvest†-to spend less cash on brand building and bit by bit decrease the amounts sold.â The tobacco business is intensely thought, with three firms controlling the greater part of the market. Some different enterprises are absolved from numerous antitrust law arrangements. In the event that the tobacco organizations were permitted to conspire and set costs, the balance advertise cost would likely go up, and the amount of tobacco requested would then go down. It is been discovered that among youngsters, smoking rates are particularly prone to diminish when costs increment. The tobacco organizations could likewise be given some quick tax cuts as a byproduct of surrendering their trademarks approximately thirty years late r. This would lessen the motivation to publicize, again prompting diminished interest later on. The tax reductions required may must be high, in this manner making the thought infeasible except if the country is happy to exchange off better wellbeing for such huge income misfortunes. At times, it might really be gainful for organizations to carry out beneficial things. This might be the situation, for instance, when a firm gets a lot of ideal exposure for its commitments, bringing about client generosity and an upgraded brand esteem. A drug store chain, for instance, may pay for altruistic great to create data about treating diabetes. The chain could then make this data on its site, paying for transfer speed and other facilitating costs that might be extensively not exactly the estimation of the positive exposure got. Non-benefit bunches frequently go through a huge extent of the cash they take in on raising support. This is dangerous both on account of the wastefulness of the procedure and the loss of potential continues that outcome and in light of the fact that potential contributors who find out about or suspect high gathering pledges costs might be more averse to giver. This is a particularly basic issue since data on gathering pledges overhead for various associations is promptly accessible on the Internet. An elective way to deal with gathering pledges that doesn't right now seem, by all accounts, to be much being used is the possibility of â€Å"sponsored† raising support. The thought here is that some firm may elect to convey raising support bids for the benefit of the association. For instance, Microsoft may elect to convey letters requesting that individuals give to the American Red Cross. This might be an exceptionally practical technique for advancement for the firm since the support would profit by both the positive exposure for its association and from the more noteworthy consideration that would almost certainly be given a raising money offer for a gathering of unique enthusiasm than would be given to a conventional commercial or regular postal mail piece publicizing the support in a customary manner. One issue that surfaces is the potential match between the support and sponsee association. This could possibly be a basic issue since respondents are chosen for the requesting dependent on their anticipated enthusiasm for the association. Microsoft-straightforwardly or in a roundabout way through the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation-has been credited with an enormous number of magnanimous endeavors and has the Congressional Black Caucus as perhaps the best supporter. Much of the time, firms may chip in for this raising money exertion in enormous part due to the lance heading endeavors of significant level administrators whose families are influenced by chemical imbalance. As Globilization keeps on extending, the issues managing morals and how they apply to promoting will be of developing concern. Where this might be seen the most is in dealings with different societies, religions, and even governments. It is hard enough on occasion to consistently settle on the correct choices as a person, concerning a business it is difficult to completely understand the full ramifications. Research Papers on Socially Responsible MarketingTwilight of the UAWIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalDefinition of Export QuotasThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesPETSTEL investigation of IndiaBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NicePersonal Experience with Teen Pregnancy

How Positive Thinking Can Help You Live Longer

How Positive Thinking Can Help You Live Longer Brain Health Healthy Aging Print Embrace Aging With Positive Thinking By Mark Stibich, PhD  Mark Stibich, PhD, FIDSA, is a behavior change expert with experience helping individuals make lasting lifestyle improvements. Learn about our editorial policy Mark Stibich, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on November 14, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 04, 2020 alvarez/ Getty Images More in Brain Health Healthy Aging Brain Food Mental Exercises There are many benefits of positive thinking, including stress reduction, improved immunity, and a lower risk for heart disease. But did you know that keeping a positive outlook can help you live longer, too? Heres what research says about optimism and aging, and what you can do to reap the rewards. Add Years to Your Life Studies show that how you perceive aging and your life as a whole affects longevity. A 2019 study found that positive thinking can result in an 11â€"15% longer lifespan and a stronger likelihood of living to age 85 or older. This effect remained after other factors such as age, gender, income, depression, and health status were controlled. Look Forward to Aging Research on the topic has found that people who have a positive outlook on aging while they are young, rather than dreading growing old, have a greater chance of living longer.  Thats because adjusting your opinion on aging while youre still young can build a positive perspective that can have a tremendous effect on your life expectancy. Improve Resiliency Findings suggest that positive thinking about aging can increase a persons will to live, making them more resilient to illness and more proactive about health. Those with a positive outlook are also likely to experience less stress, reducing their likelihood of developing chronic diseases or disorders. Find Insight as You Age Our society tends to prize youth and beauty, while messages about aging tend to emphasize the negative aspects. But, like fine wine, people should get better as they age. Experience, combined with maturity, gives older people great insight. Theyre often more in touch spiritually and they prioritize depth in their life. By following a simple, healthy lifestyle you can preserve your health and energy through life. Other Markers of Healthy Aging In addition to positive thinking, there are lifestyle factors that can add years to your life, including exercising regularly, maintaining a healthy weight, eating a nutrient-dense diet, consuming only moderate amounts of alcohol (if any), and not smoking, all of which can help extend lifespan by 12â€"14 years.?? While studies point to living longer, they dont often discuss the improved quality of life that comes with it. But as the field of positive psychology is exploring, beyond increased lifespan, positive thoughts and emotions can contribute tremendously to happiness so you can enjoy a richer, more satisfying life. How to Embrace Positive Thinking Like meditation, yoga, or any self-care ritual, staying positive is a practice. Fortunately, the tools required are free and can be done on your own at your pace. Here are a few ways to consciously cultivate positive thinking in your daily life: Keep a gratitude journal: No matter the format you chooseâ€"brief lists in your phone or longer entries written in a notebookâ€"a gratitude journal can be a powerful way to connect to your emotions and relieve stress. The subject matter can vary, but the key is consistency. Maintaining a regular practice will help develop a new way of thinking so you can easily identify and stop negative thoughts when they arise.Repeat positive affirmations: If you say something enough times, youre more likely to believe it. Thats the idea behind positive affirmations, statements with intention repeated numerous times to make them a part of your thinking, such as I am feeling more peaceful each day or I can handle whatever comes my way. Its important to keep these affirmations rooted in reality. Your subconscious may flag far-fetched statements, putting you back in a negative state of mind.Practice loving-kindness meditation: Studies have shown that loving-kindness meditation can significantly increa se a positive attitude. While there are variations to the practice, the common theme is focusing on positive phrases that evoke self-compassion as well as empathy for others, using statements like, May I be happy and May you be safe.Spend time with other positive thinkers: The saying goes, You are the company you keep. So it makes sense that when you associate with other optimists, you tend to feel uplifted, happy, and supported. Take note of your emotions when youre around friends and family. You may need to establish boundaries with those who bring your positive energy down. A Word From Verywell Keep in mind that positivity is a choiceâ€"and not always an easy one. Lifes obstacles can sometimes make it difficult to maintain a sunny perspective, and you may have days when you dont have any positivity in you. But with practice, you can build a foundation that helps you shift negative thoughts and start noticing the benefits to your physical, mental, and emotional health. How to Think Like an Optimist

The Effects Of Multiple Interventions On Infants And Young...

In this day and age, multiple interventions are being implemented in order to address the various attachment-related problems that infants and young children experience due to the separation from their caregivers. It was previously mentioned that there was a new area of speciality called infant mental health which has a particular take on attachment between a caregiver and child. They mainly focus on analyzing the support that these children have available to them such as family, social, and emotional. One of their primary focuses for intervention is infant-parent psychotherapy in which the emotional exploration of the parent toward the child is done in the room with the child (Weatherston 2000, 4). Infant mental health specialist might be useful to both foster parents and the children, however, it is mainly aimed at women who are having either postpartum depression, an emotional reaction due to previous pregnancy trauma, or even premature children. There are only a few micro related interventions, therapy is the most popular form. Children develop trauma and PTSD like symptoms due to the separation(s) they experience at a young age. There is a big emphasis put on caregivers being aware of PTSD symptoms so that the child can be linked to the appropriate treatment resources which are the first steps in helping the child to manage and cope with their symptoms (Hieger 2012, 3). In therapy there are two main evidence base treatments that are useful for traumatized children.Show MoreRelatedThe Attachment Of Children And Their Influence On Children1686 Words   |  7 PagesAvoidant Attachment in Children Parents are a vital factor in the development of their children. Many parents fill various roles as teachers, playmates, caregivers, and disciplinary figures; but one of the most important roles that a parent can hold is that of an attachment figure. The attachment between a child and their attachment figure is a strong predictor of the child’s later social and emotional wellbeing (Benoit, 2004). John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth worked together to come to the principleRead MoreRespiratory Syncytial Virus ( Rsv )1305 Words   |  6 Pagesconsidered the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) in infants and young children. Each year, 4-5 million children younger than 4 years acquire an RSV infection, and more than 125,000 are hospitalized annually in the United States because of this infection. (Medscape, 2016). Etiology RSV is the most common cause of LRTI’s leading to morbidity and mortality in children across the world. Most children have acquired an RSV infection by the time they reach 2 years of age. It is typicalRead MoreAsperger s Syndrome, Pervasive Developmental Disorder1242 Words   |  5 Pages2008, p. 246). ASD can cause impairment in multiple areas of development, such a psychological, cognitive, language, and even behavior. By the age of two months, a normal developing infant begins to vocalize by babbling and often engage in social mannerisms such as pointing or verbal communication. Social attention is sought by infants through pointing at an object, imitative communication, and greeting others (Crane Winsler, 2008, p. 246). Infants developing ASD are deficient in their abilityRead MorePoverty Of Poverty And Poverty1448 Words   |  6 Pagesfluctuated between 15 and 23 percent for the past four decades, but far more children-37 percent--live in poverty at some point during their childhoods. Being poor at birth strongly predicts future poverty status. Using the PSID, this study finds that 49 percent of children who are poor at birth go on to spend at least half their childhoods living in poverty. In addition, children who are born into poverty and spend multiple years living in po or families have worse adult outcomes than their counterpartsRead MoreThe Effects Of Occupational Therapy On Early Childhood Grades Essay1656 Words   |  7 PagesThis paper focuses on the importance of occupational therapy in early childhood grades. Children begin to develop fine motor skills from birth; however, not all children develop at the typical rate. Public school provide services for children who may have developmental delays, illnesses, deformities, or injuries that have affected their ability to use their fine motor skills. Children with special needs may qualify for occupational services to develop their fine motor skills. Occupational therapyRead More Caregivers Behavior Contributes to Offspring Behavior1143 Words   |  5 Pagesdisposition to psychotherapy (Rice, 1997). The research demonstrated the importance of evaluating any interventions that are designed to reduce the likelihood of violent behavior and how wrong their beliefs about the value of intervention programs can be (Rice, 1997, Quinsey, Khanna, and Malcolm, 1996). There has been research conducted that concludes contradicting evidence toward the effect of intervention on psychopaths. On one hand therapeutic programs can actually increase the likelihood of aggressionRead MoreFine Motor Skills And The Importance Of Occupational Therapy Interventions Essay1710 Words   |  7 Pagesto the ‘small muscles’ in the hands. Proper development of these muscles is crucial for children to succeed academically in writing and self help skills. According to the National Childcare Accreditation Council (NCAC), â€Å"Fine motor skills form an important foundation for the acquisition of many other skills, including literacy, numeracy, self-help and the ability to perform many everyday tasks † (2008). Children start to develop motor skills from birth, and the ways in which children’s muscles developRead MoreAttachment During Infancy And Early Childhood1430 Words   |  6 Pagesprotected by their caregiver at all times. demands of an infant or child can be anything from being hungry, being cold, needing to be changed, to just wanting to be held or played with. There are two main types of attachment and both of them have very different out comes. The two primary types of attachment are secure and insecure attachment. More than half of children in the united states form secure attachments, leaving about 40 to 45 percent of children to form insecure attachments. when there are problemsRead More Children With Autism Essay1545 Words   |  7 PagesChildren With Autism Children with autism have the possibility to improve greatly, and some even overcome the effects of autism if appropriate therapies are begun early enough. A multifaceted disorder, autism has long baffled professionals and parents alike. At a point in time, doctors gave parents absolutely no hope for the recovery of their children. But recently, new treatments and therapies have shown that improvement is possible. With early intervention, intensiveRead MorePersonal Statement1651 Words   |  7 Pagesstatistical analysis in my future Ph.D. program. Research Experience Attracted to infant and child cognitive development, I was actively involved in several projects in various psychology labs for more than 1.5 years. Through these projects, I have gained rich research experience in conducting infants and children studies, writing analytical reports and doing presentations at Asian conferences. Infant research experience Since 2010, I have been working at Dr. Chia-huei Tseng’s laboratory

Statement Of Social-Training In Social / Behavioral...

ï‚Ÿ Skilled at organizing, prioritizing complex projects, and delegating tasks. ï‚Ÿ Quickly learn procedures and methods with thorough understanding of HIPAA ï‚Ÿ Familiar with Microsoft Word, Excel, and PowerPoint. ï‚Ÿ Earned Certificates for recognizing plagiarism, HIPAA, and citi-training in Social/Behavioral Research. Experience: University of Illinois at Chicago Department of Pediatrics Chicago, IL Research Assistant Intern - 10 hours per week May 2016 to Present †¢ Involved in two research studies: â€Å"Sit Down and Play† and PATH (Promoting Adolescent Health). †¢ Involved in community intervention: CHECK (Coordination of Healthcare for Complex Kids) program †¢ Searched sources, such as resources, locations, reference works,†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Recruited Youths and adolescent for PATH study. †¢ Attended and took detailed notes at conferences. †¢ Made and took phone calls. †¢ Packaging childcare DVDs and entering them in UIC consensus program †¢ Literature reviews in Alternative treatments for ADHD NØSTIGMAS.Org Chicago, IL Research Assistant Intern - 5 hours per week August 2013 to April 2014 ï‚Ÿ Searched sources, such as reference works, documents and statistical records, to obtain data on assigned subject. ï‚Ÿ Presented data in formats such as abs tracts and bibliographies. ï‚Ÿ Created spreadsheet on drug therapy and researched alternative treatments for mental illnesses. ï‚Ÿ Attended weekly meetings, collaborating with team members on goal implementation. RateADrug Website Chicago, IL Marketing Intern - 4 hours per week January 2013 to May 2013 ï‚Ÿ Collected surveys on medical treatments and writing a condition specific spreadsheet that is published on RateADrug.com. ï‚Ÿ Kept a blog on Alice in the Wonderland Syndrome and responding to user questions of RateADrug.com. ï‚Ÿ Contacted organizations about internship and the RateADrug.com database. Northwestern Memorial Hospital Chicago, IL Radiology Volunteer - 5 hours per week December 2012 to May 2013 ï‚Ÿ HelpedShow MoreRelatedParent Management Training : A Behavioral Treatment For Children And Adolescents With Aggressive, Antisocial And Defiant Behaviors1371 Words   |  6 PagesParent Management Training (PMT) is an evidence-based intervention instilled to parents of children and adolescents with aggressive, antisocial and defiant behaviors. Parents are taught social learning techniques with the purpose of changing the behavior of their children. Parents learn effective parent-child relationship management strategies and parenting skills through exercises and role play with the therapist. These methods include observing and recording behavior, positive reinforcement, tokenRead MoreA Child s Mind Stands At Risk Of Stressors That Induce Development Of Behavioral Changes1107 Words   |  5 Pages Proposal Outline Shakeel Ahmed Instructor: Jeanette May Benedictine University, MPH_694_D1A5 September 20, 2015. â€Æ' Executive Summary: Problem: A child’s mind stands at risk of stressors that induce development of behavioral changes increasing the vulnerability to other substance abuse disorders. Comorbidity is defined as the presence of two disorders or illnesses that occur simultaneously, or in sequence. The characteristics of drug addiction include compulsive, at times uncontrollable drugRead MoreAgency, Interviewee And Purpose For Interview1511 Words   |  7 Pagesour assignments is to interview a social worker in a crisis setting. My purpose for this interview is so that I may better understand the social workers role when they work in the crisis setting. A crisis setting could be many different places however, I chose St. Bernard’s emergency room because I was an intern at St. Bernard’s Medical Center during my BSW program and I had made some contacts there at the hospital. I interviewed Jamie Ashley, BSW. She is a social worker at St. Bernard’s in the emergencyRead MoreCrisis Int ervention Essay1506 Words   |  7 Pagesdisorganization (Smead, 1988). At this point, the individual experiencing this disequilibrium may be most receptive to outside assistance, thus providing an opportunity for behavioral change and a return to balance. To summarize, a crisis results from a persons negative perception of a situation. Psychologists, counselors, social workers, mental health personnel, and therapists are trained to provide services to individuals in crisis. These workers can assist an individual or group in crisis byRead MoreThe Vision For My Professional Work After Graduation Essay1636 Words   |  7 Pagesclinical psychologist (MA.) Or the Master in Social Work (MSW.) The MA. will allow me to acquire the license to practice as a counselor. It could be either the License professional counselor (LPC) or License Psychological Associate (LPA). With the MSW. I will be able to practice my profession with the License of Clinical Social Work. For the work that I want to do, there are more advance degrees such as the PhD. in Clinical Psychology or the PhD. in Social Work. I believe that for the work that I wantRead MoreGraduate Programs Comparison1324 Words   |  6 PagesMaterial Graduate School Comparison Worksheet Choose three graduate programs that you are interested in researching. For each program, answer the following questions. School 1: University of California, Los Angeles Graduate Program Name: Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology 1 List the admission requirements for graduate studies in psychology. Universitys minimum requirements: i. All applicants are expected to submit a statement of purpose. ii. Admission is for Fall Quarter only and on a full-timeRead MoreA Research On Target Market1016 Words   |  5 Pagesthe future, interact, and engage in positive family, social, and community settings. The camaraderie within our Veteran population derives from the unique backgrounds and experiences of the Veterans we serve. Positioning Statement Continue Mission aspires to empower and involve Veterans in programs that promote health, wellness, and positive life changing experiences through support, education, advocacy and research. Our positioning statement clearly illustrates our goals at Continue Mission;Read MoreThe Extent to Which Teachers Help Their EC Students in Regular Classroom Settings1647 Words   |  7 Pagesadversities in life. Literacy in today’s society is more demanding than it was in the past. Literacy instruction needs to improve in every area, because many students do not have the skills needed to succeed in everyday life (Meltzer, Smith Clark, 2001). Research has showed that by the year 2020, over seventy-five percent of every job will require people to have a higher education than just the average high school diploma (Bottoms, 2002). For students with low literacy it will make it very challenging toRead MoreAdolescent Delinquency And Conduct Disorder1677 Words   |  7 Pagessuch as starting rumors, excluding others, and arguing, can be part of a developmental trajectory leading to adolescent delinquency and Conduct Disorder. (Barry Lochman, 2008, p. 2) Pediatricians see children and adolescents who have a variety of behavioral or mental health concerns one of the most challenging is aggression. Aggression among adolescent is still a growing problem. (Working with Aggressive Adolescent, Ju ly 1998, p. 3) Approximately 3% to 7% of children and adolescents manifest aggressiveRead MoreSubstance Prevention Programs1128 Words   |  5 Pagesmost severely addicted individuals can participate in treatment; in the hopes of reducing their drug and alcohol use. Treatment programs with the higher success rates offer a combination of treatments. I will explore substance abuse prevention programs in this paper. I will summarize their goals, funding, and effectiveness. In the state of Arizona, the Division of Behavioral Health Services oversees A.A sectors. Alcoholics Anonymous’ primary purpose is to help others remain or achieve sobriety. Alcoholics

Marriage and the Chinese Revolution Free Essays

Before the 1949 revolution, Chinese women were regarded as lower in social rank than men, notwithstanding the general disempowerment of women due to the lower social class that they belonged to. Women were considered chattels, especially by the noble classes, in which families arranged marriages for their daughters in order to secure favors from government officials, warlords and even from the imperial household. Moreover, men could have as many wives as they wanted, notwithstanding the utter lack of power of women to secure a divorce from their husbands, in the event that they were abused and badly treated. We will write a custom essay sample on Marriage and the Chinese Revolution or any similar topic only for you Order Now Mao Zedong said this about the Marriage Law, â€Å"The Marriage Law affects all people’s interests and is one of the basic laws of China, next only to the constitution†¦It is the legal means through which to carry out reform of the marriage and family system in China, the weapon with which to fight the feudal family system, and the tool necessary to establish and develop a new marriage and family system.† For all the faults of Mao’s China, the marriage law which the communists implemented liberated the women from the bondage of a patriarchal society which dictated the terms of their existence, including their choice of a life partner. By decreeing the dismantling of a feudal system of relations between men and women, women were now able to truly choose to marry only those that they truly love. While such a state policy exists, it took more than the marriage law to truly ensure that the social inequality in a Chinese marriage was implemented politically and culturally, to ensure that women indeed held half the sky. On the other hand, such liberation of Chinese women in marriage then did not amount to utter sexual promiscuity as in Western countries, except at present, where changing partners and spouses seem to be as fast as changing mobile phones and cars in Chinese contemporary society. As divorce is China is as easy as selling the newest Ipod, it is now steadily undermining once more the value of marriage and the commitment that is intertwined in its concept. If the women were treated as chattels in feudal China that no mutual consent in marriage ever really existed, the present increasing number of divorces seems to manifest that with the increase in personal income and spending of the Chinese is rendering as a commodity the institution of marriage. These things, treating women as chattel and the commodification of marriage, are both social evils which destroy the basic sanctity of marriage, in view of the family as the basic institution in any society. As the Chinese economy grows by leaps and bounds, it has also led to the creation and reproduction of a new inequality in the institution of marriage, where mutual love and commitment are not at the center of the institution but property relations to outpace all other families in a cutthroat competition for financial security and success. It is no different from feudal China where families arranged marriages for their daughters because it destroys the long-held idea, even by Mao Tsetung, that marriage should only be based on mutual respect and love by partners with a deep perspective on their relationship and a long-term goal for the development of both partners’ lives in all aspects – physical, economic, social, and even spiritual. Is divorce China’s new fad? By Leon D’souza ZIBO, People’s Republic of China– That China’s revolutionary leader, Mao Zedong, was an incessant womanizer is no secret. For 22 years, beginning in 1954, Dr. Li Zhisui, his personal physician, chronicled the former dictator’s dark private world. In his critically acclaimed book, â€Å"The Private Life of Chairman Mao,† Dr. Zhisui writes candidly about the erstwhile chairman’s voracious appetite for carnal pleasure. Mao was constantly hosting dances and card-playing parties to find new young women to indulge his fantasies. He was â€Å"married† at least four times and had ten children with whom he had rather distant relationships. However, for all his shortcomings, Mao was a firm believer in the power of womanhood. He was fond of quoting an old Chinese proverb, â€Å"women hold up half the heavens,† and in his â€Å"Little Red Book,† which attained Biblical importance during the Cultural Revolution of the late 1960s, he spoke audaciously of the need for equality of the sexes. â€Å"In order to build a great socialist society, it is of the utmost importance to arouse the broad masses of women to join in productive activity. Men and women must receive equal pay for equal work in production,† Mao declared. The former chairman began a transformation of the submissive role that Chinese women were historically relegated to over centuries of dynastic rule. One of his earliest reforms involved sweeping changes to China’s harsh marriage norms. Before the advent of Communist Power, marriage was somewhat of an unholy institution in China, a form of socially sanctioned bondage. Chinese director Zhang Yimou’s brilliant film, â€Å"Raise the Red Lantern,† tells of the sordid state of affairs in imperial times. Arranged and mercenary marriages were considered normal practice then. A wealthy man could have as many wives as he pleased. Widows were not allowed to remarry and no woman could ever ask for a divorce. Mao changed all that. His first â€Å"Marriage Law† abolished the system of arranged or forced marriage and extended equal protection to women and children. The new legislation forbade bigamy, child marriage and public interference in the freedom for widows to remarry. Mao took personal interest in the implementation of the measure. â€Å"The Marriage Law affects all people’s interests and is one of the basic laws of China, next only to the constitution,† he emphasized. â€Å"It is the legal means through which to carry out reform of the marriage and family system in China, the weapon with which to fight the feudal family system, and the tool necessary to establish and develop a new marriage and family system.† Noble goals notwithstanding, Mao’s reforms weren’t greeted well in a country steeped in a long tradition of patriarchy. Some derided the edict as a formula for societal instability that was sure to trigger an epidemic of divorces. â€Å"It is a law for divorce,† these naysayers argued. In some ways, they were right. Divorce is fast becoming something of an emerging trend in modern China, where successive marriage laws have empowered women who now initiate more than 70 percent of break ups. In fact, so pervasive is this trend that in a story some years ago, The New York Times Seth Faison pointed out that it was even beginning to affect the way ordinary Chinese greet each other in the street. â€Å"For years,† Faison wrote, â€Å"people have greeted each other with a question that reflected the nation’s primary concern: â€Å"Chi le ma?† or â€Å"Have you eaten?† Now according to a popular joke in Beijing, people who see a friend on the street voice a new concern: â€Å"Li le ma?† â€Å"Have you divorced?† But unlike other countries, where divorce is seen as a social problem, the Chinese seem to view this trend as a sign of the changing tide for women in a country where they were once mere objects of desire. As the Beijing Youth Daily explained in a story a while back: â€Å"The high rate of divorce reflects a kind of ‘master of my own fate’ notion among urban residents. From an overall perspective, it represents a kind of social advancement.† Financial independence resulting from a surge of women in the workforce seems to be driving the divorce rate. Chinese women now actually do hold up half the sky. They account for more than 46 percent of the total working population according to statistics. Women experts and entrepreneurs have come to the forefront in large numbers, playing key roles in hi-tech industries as well as large and medium state-owned enterprises. This has helped level the balance. â€Å"In the past, women were very dependent on men for survival. They were not allowed to work. Today in China, women earn their own money. They are becoming more and more independent, and so they need not remain married to men that aren’t loyal to them,† said Huang Yan Ling, an English teacher at the Zibo Foreign Language School. Huang was raised in Zibo, the rural northeastern city in Shandong Province where she now teaches middle school. As a mother herself, and someone who grew up away from the relatively liberal atmosphere of the rapidly westernizing cities along China’s eastern coast, she isn’t a loud supporter of the spate of divorces. â€Å"I think it is very bad for the children,† she emphasized, when asked why she balked at the trend. Nevertheless, she is delighted that increasing numbers of Chinese women are standing up for themselves, and places the blame for failed marriages squarely on the infidelity of the men involved. â€Å"When most men approach middle age, they have a lot of money. When they have money, they look for younger girls because they just want to have fun. They don’t really love their wives,† she suggested matter-of-factly. â€Å"So it is good for some women to file for divorce.† Nevertheless, there is room for tightening up the law to facilitate separations while preventing the situation from spiraling out of hand. One of the ways Huang points to is increasing the amount of alimony payable as child support. â€Å"In China, if a couple files for divorce, the woman usually gets custody of the child. This places her in a difficult position. The man can get away with making payments as low as 300 Reminbi Yuan (approximately $38) per month,† she explained. â€Å"I think this is not right. Men should be made to pay more. That way, maybe they will think twice about cheating on their wives.† At the end of the day, whether bane or boon, China’s climbing divorce rate is an indicator of significant social change. Mao’s China has opened up for women doors they could never previously have hoped to unlock. Today, women wear the pants in many families here. And although you won’t get their husbands to admit it, most married men live in peril of their wives ire. Take Yu Ke Hong for example, one of my colleagues at the Zibo Foreign Language School. A month ago, my brother-in-law, Brian, and I, tried to coax him into buying a dog for his family while we were out pet shopping at the weekend â€Å"dog market.† Yu laughed when we presented the suggestion, then added candidly that his wife would â€Å"throw him out of the house† if he showed up on his doorstep with the cute Chinese Shar-Pie we had picked out for him since she didn’t care much for dogs. Enough said. You know who calls the shots in his household. Leon D’souza is a frequent contributor to the Hard News Cafe How to cite Marriage and the Chinese Revolution, Essay examples

Pagbasa at pagsulat sa ibat ibang disiplina free essay sample

Prominent theories of democracy, both classical and modern, have asserted that democracy requires a distinctive set of cultural values and orientations from its citizens. 1 Although most political scientists generally agree that cultural values can have certain impacts on political processes in different societies, they disagree on the following three issues: 1) which particular cultural orientation can influence political processes in different societies. 2 Is there an â€Å"Asian Culture† that shapes political processes in such societies; 2) what specific cultural orientation influences political process and how do specific orientations exert their influence over the political process,3 and 3) whether culture has independent effects on political processes. 4 In this paper, I am trying to provide a preliminary answer to these critical 1 {Almond Verba 1963 #18}. 2 . (Almond and Verba1989a; Almond and Verba1989b; Inglehart, Ronald. 90a. Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Society (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 90a). ; Inglehart, Ronald. 97. Modernization and Postmodernization: Cultural, Economic, and Political Change in Forty-Three Societies (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 97). We will write a custom essay sample on Pagbasa at pagsulat sa ibat ibang disiplina or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ; Inglehart, Ronald. The Renaissance of Political Culture. American political science review Vol, 82 No. 4 (88). ; Inglehart1977; Putnam2000; Putnam, Robert D. 93. Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 93). ; Gibson, James L. Alternative Measures of Political Tolerance: Must Tolerance be Least-Liked? American Journal of Political Science Vol. 36 No. 2 (92). ; Gibson, James L. and Duch, Raymond M. Anti-Semitic Attitude of the Mass Public: Estimates and Explanations Based on a Survey of the Moscow Oblast. Public Opinion Quarterly Vol. 56 No. 1 (92). ; Gibson, James L. , Duch, Raymond M. , and Tedin, Kent L. Democratic Values and the transformation of the Soviet Union. Journal of Politics Vol, 54 No. 2 (92). ; Gibson, James L. and Duch, Raymond M. Emerging Democratic Values in Soviet Political Culture. In Public Opinion and Regime Change: The New Politics of Post-Soviet Societies, eds. Miller, Arthur H. , Reisinger, William M. , and Hesli, Vicki L. (Boulder, Colo. : Westview, 93) . ). 3 Almond and Verba argue that political culture influences democratic consolidation, other scholars believe that political culture can influence democratic transition. Still others believe that political culture influences the way democracy works in different societies. 4 For the argument that the political culture has independent effects on political processes, see (Laitin, David D. and Wildavsky, Aaron. Political Culture and Political Preferences. The American Political Science Review Vol. 82 No. 2 (88). ; Pye, Lucian W. Political culture revisited. Political psychology Vol, 12 No. 3 (91). ; Wilson1992; Inglehart, Ronald. The Renaissance of Political Culture. American political science review Vol, 82 No. 4 (88). ). For the critique of cultural theory, see (Jackman, Robert W. and Miller, Ross A. The Poverty of Political Culture. American Journal of Political Science Vol, 40 No. 3 (96). ; Jackman, Robert W. and Miller, Ross A. A Renaissance of Political Culture. American Journal of Political Science Vol, 40 No. 3 (96). ). The study of urban politics has come to focus on urban policy studies rather than on the differentiating characteristics of urban areas themselves. Yet, the urban-rural cleavage is still one of the most profound sources of differentiations in political behavior, not only in the United States, but in other areas of the world. Cultural Impacts on Political Processes In this section, I am going to demonstrate how cultural values influence political processes. The first generation of culturalists argued that certain cultural values, such as political interests, knowledge of governmental processes, political efficacy, and trust are important because they facilitate participation. Differences in the distribution of these important values between â€Å"traditional† and â€Å"modern† societies should be, at least, partially responsible for differences in the level of participation by citizens in different societies. When people in traditional society acquired â€Å"democratic orientation,† the level of political participation in that society increase which in turn will press political leaders to further â€Å"open the society up. † 16 This line of reasoning, it seems to me, is built largely on the institutionalist assumption. It assumes that the behavioral logic for people in different societies is identical. The differences among people in different societies more often lie in whether 16 (Nie, Norman H. , Powell, Bingham G. Jr. , and Prewitt, Kenneth. Social Structure and Political Participation: Developmental Relationships, Part I. American Political Science Review Vol, 63 No. 2 (69). ; Nie, Norman H. , Powell, Bingham G. Jr. , and Prewitt, Kenneth. Social Structure and Political Participation: Developmental Relationships, Part II. American Political Science Review Vol, 63 No. 3 (69). ). 25 they understand particular governmental processes and whether they are efficacious. People are characterized either as parochial who are not aware of the impacts of politics on their life, or subjects who do not think they can influence political processes, or citizens who are aware of their own rights and believe they are capable of participating in politics. When parochial and subjects acquire psychological resources to become citizens, the behavioral logic identified by rational choice theorists–to maximize utilitywill prompt them to participate in politics. But such an argument is only partially a cultural one. By assuming the behavioral logic of people in different societies to be identical, scholars fall into the institutional trap. What has been forgotten by the first generation of culturalists is that the behavioral logic for people in different societies may be different and such differences can have significant consequences on various aspects of political life. We agree that institutional change will eventually alter the behavioral logic of people in traditional society, but our analyses presented in the previous section suggests such change does not occur over night with simple changes in institutions. Specifically, we expect political culture as exemplified by norms influences political processes in the following ways. First, people’s orientation toward authority and collectivism shape their perception of â€Å"good government. † Since democratic ideas have become widespread globally after the â€Å"third wave† of democratization, every government, even the most authoritarian ones, packages themselves as being a certain form of democracy, we can expect these norms should help shape people’s 26 understanding of democracy. Those who see authority relationships as hierarchical should be more likely to understand democracy in terms of paternalistic care by government of its own citizens, rather than as an institutional arrangement for people to choose government leaders and to supervise their behavior. To them, democracy means government officials soliciting people’s opinion before making decisions and taking their interests into consideration when making decisions with regard to the country. Alternatively, those perceiving proper relationships with authority as reciprocal are more likely to perceive democracy as a procedural arrangement for them to participate in politics and more importantly, as providing citizens with rights to constrain government behavior. For the same reasons, we can expect a similar division between individualistic and collective orientation. Secondly, we would expect that such norms should influence the intentions of people to get involved in unconventional political action. It is reasonable to argue that a collective and hierarchical orientation may make political actors either give up their own interests for those of certain collective entities or believe it is not proper for them to burden those in power with their private interests. Such orientations, however, do not prevent people from participating in politics. Instead, they establish a threshold that limits the choice of political actors in their private interest articulation. We thus expect that people with these two traditional norms are unlikely to engage in and approve unconventional political actions. Finally, we expect that tolerance for bad behavior by government varies for people with different psychological orientations. Those perceiving proper relationship 27 with authority as hierarchical and those with a collective orientation should be more likely to tolerate their government than others, even if it is not responsive, nor provides them with good policies or honest officials. In the former case, they are more willing to believe there is a reason behind such bad behavior and the government either will take care of their long term interests and/or will take care of their interests later on. For the latter, although certain policies may jeopardize their interests, they may be willing to give up their private interests for a collective entity rather than withdraw their support of the government. For people with a different orientation, however, the relationship with authority may be perceived as reciprocal–when they delegate power to the government to rule, they expect the government to have an obligation to deliver what they want. If the government fails to deliver, they will withdraw their support. We thus expect such an orientation also influence whether people trust their government in different societies. Do people’s orientation have any impacts on their understanding of democracy? To explore this question, I recoded the answer to the question asking the meaning of democracy into two categories. The answers perceiving democracy in terms of paternalism are coded into -1 and the answers perceiving democracy in terms of procedures, participation, and rights into 1. We then added all answers together to create an index. Positive values in the index tells us that people perceive democracy in terms of procedures, participation, and rights. Zero means the answer given by the respondents are mixed. As is continually argued, a sense of rights of ordinary citizens is at the center of 28 modern democracy. Only when political actors perceive democracy as an institutional arrangement for them to excise their right to choose governmental leaders and/or to participate in the decision making process can we expect democracy in a society to function properly. We thus code the answers which sees democracy as a right as 1 all the others, including missing values as zero and use it as another variable that measures people’s understanding of democracy